This paper presents a Current reference circuit by employing the combination of the saturated and subthreshold transistors structures. At first, using these two structures PTAT and CTAT Currents were generated and combined with together. Then to achieve low temperature variation Coefficient, proper Coefficients of the output Currents of these two structures were combined leading to 100μ A Current reference. This Current reference was post layout simulated in the 0. 18μ m CMOS TSMC technology with Cadence software and its layout size was 177. 4μ m×180. 5μ m. Post layout simulation results show that this Current reference has a 3. 68 ppm/° C variation in the temperature range of-40 to 120 Celsius degrees for TT transistors. In addition, its average temperature variation Coefficient is 16. 384 ppm/° C for 1000 iterations of Monte Carlo simulation. This circuit has a 2. 9% sensitivity per one volt change of the supply voltage. This reference require to 396 millivolts headroom voltage to reach the 98% of the nominal Current value. The power consumption of this circuit at the supply voltage of 1. 8V was 39. 67μ W.

Understanding and accurate estimation of electrochemical parameters play a pivotal role in enhancing the performance and efficiency of electrochemical systems like batteries and fuel cells. The exchange Current density and charge transfer Coefficient are particularly critical factors as they are directly related to the shape and structure of the battery electrodes and influence the electrochemical processes occurring within electrodes of the battery. Considering a fixed value for these parameters for a type of battery is not accurate due to the varying shapes and structures of electrodes in different batteries. This paper presents a comprehensive mechanistic approach to determine these electrochemical Coefficients based on a combination of experimental testing, one dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation, and optimization. This study focuses on the investigation of a 4  ampere-hour lead-acid battery (IBIZA) with the determination of anodic and cathodic exchange Current densities and charge transfer Coefficients for both the lead and lead oxide electrodes, respectively. Mentioned parameters are derived for two scenarios (one-step constant Current discharge and two-step constant Current discharge). The values of  α_a, α_c and i0 for Pb and PbO2 for scenario one with 0.2 C_{rate} are found to be  1.95, 0.05, 9.99 *10^{-3}, 0.05, 1.95 and 3.05 * 10^{-4} and  with 0.2 C_{rate} are 9.98 *10^{-3}, 0.75, 1.25, 9.69 * 10^{-3}, 0.97 and 1.03, respectively.  Mentioned parameters for scenario two are found to be  0.6, 1.4, 2.70 *10^{-3}, 0.6, 1.4 and 2.40 * 10^{-4}, respectively.

In recent years, the distributed generation resources (DGR) have become an essential and inseparable component in power networks and have achieved major success. Improving network power voltage, helping in peak load conditions and reducing load on power lines and transformers, utilizing renewable energies and reducing environmental pollution constitute some of the reasons for their expansion. In contrast to all these advantages in a given network, the increased presence of distributed generation resources has presented new challenges for power networks. One of the most important problems is the impact on system protection functionality. The traditional protection structure of the networks will be impaired and malfunctioned due to the presence of distributed generation resources. In this paper, a new intelligent linear control algorithm is used to restore the protective coordination. The proposed method modifies the protection characteristic curve of the protection system by adjusting the overCurrent relay Current Coefficient. This control procedure is in accordance with the widely applied overCurrent relay curves and complies with the relevant standards. For this purpose, by using a new drop control block and local sampling of over-Current relay Current, Current setting of the relay is recovered to keep the correct operation of protection system. The proposed method is evaluated on two real micro-grids test system in Isfahan province by ETAP software. The findings indicate the ability of this method in coordinating the protection functionality of micro-grids with high penetration Coefficient of DGR.

Background & Aim: The most detailed information about neural activity comes from intracellular recording. Not only this technique shows the pattern of neural action potential, but it also records the cellular events which give rise to the action potential, including variations in the resting potential, changes in cellular resistance and synaptic potentials.Results: Using this method with manipulation of the composition of the bathing solution (c.hanging ionic concentrations or adding drugs) the ionic mechanisms responsible for these potentials can be identified. It is also possible to investigate the mechanisms of actions of drugs such as dental sealers on neuronal excitability.Conclusion: In the present study, intracellular recording technique has been introduced in dental materials research as a valuable method to determine the neurotoxicity of endodontic sealers on neuronal cells.

External fluted feed rolls are commonly used in grain drills. The fluted feed roll meters a volume of seeds and does not singulate the seeds as do the precision planters; therefore, there will be inherent variation in the number of seeds delivered per unit of time. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of seed meter drive shaft and ground speeds and outlet positions in a grain drill on the variation in wheat seeding rate and seed flow evenness from various outlets in short time intervals using the Coefficient of variation (CV) and the nonuniformity Coefficient (NUC). In this study, a grain drill with straight fluted metering mechanisms was evaluated on a test rig. Two rotational speeds of 16 and 23 rpm and two speeds of 2.5 and 3.6 km h-1 were selected for the seed meter drive shaft and the movement of the test rig, respectively. The results showed that, for a given test rig speed, the seeding rate changed proportional to the seed meter drive shaft speed, whereas for a constant speed of seed meter drive shaft, the seeding rate decreased as the speed of the test rig increased. Also, the seeding rates from all outlets were not the same. Outputs of some of the outlets were autocorrelated, for which selecting 12 or 24 seed samples randomly out of 36 consecutive samples were not essentially non-autocorrelated. Increasing rotational speed of seed meter drive shaft significantly increased the Coefficient of uniformity of all outlets. The seed breakage was significantly increased with the speed of seed meter drive shaft. The CV and NUC exhibited similar trends. It can, therefore, be concluded that in grain drill evaluation, either CV or NUC could be used as an index of seed flow non-uniformity.

In the present study, effect of interfacial roughness on the ion implanted Tantalum based surfaces has been investigated. The argon ions with energy of 30 keV and in doses of 1×1017 , 3×1017 , 5×1017 , 7×1017 , and 10×1017  (ion/cm2) have been used at ambient temperature. The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), analysis have been used to study and characterize the surfaces morphology. The effect of roughness through the ion implantation on the transport properties has been studied. The produced samples thin films are rough and therefore the transmission probability has been reduced. There was a significant change in areas of samples; such as roughness, grain size, its distribution for the un-implanted sample, and samples implanted with argon ions. The contributions of scattered components the transmission probability of samples which have been implanted by lower doses of ions are more dominant rather than those implanted by bigger doses of ions. Also, based on our results, by increasing the ion doses, the Current density of thin films increase.